Kebebasan Beragama sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam terhadap Negara Mayoritas Muslim dalam Menyikapi Murtad

Abstract

This paper examines the concept of religious freedom as a fundamental human right from the perspective of Islamic law, with a specific focus on Muslim-majority countries such as Indonesia. The background of this study stems from the societal reality that, although religious freedom is constitutionally guaranteed and supported by Islamic principles, its implementation remains contentious, especially regarding the issue of apostasy. Employing a qualitative approach through interviews and literature review, this research explores the perceptions of religious leaders, scholars, and the general public regarding the concept of religious freedom and the challenges associated with it.

The findings indicate that Islam, in its essence, upholds religious freedom as a divine gift and a reflection of human dignity. The Qur’anic verse “There is no compulsion in religion” (Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 256) illustrates this principle. However, when dealing with apostasy, interpretations vary significantly. Traditional views tend to regard apostasy as a grave offense deserving severe punishment, whereas contemporary interpretations emphasize tolerance, human rights, and individual autonomy in matters of faith. This paper advocates for a more inclusive and context-based understanding of religious freedom, one that aligns with both Islamic ethical values and international human rights standards. It calls for constructive dialogue, religious literacy, and legal protections to foster peaceful coexistence in diverse and multicultural societies.